1.A.3.b iii - Road Transport: Heavy Duty Vehicles and Buses

Last updated on 14 Mar 2018 08:40 (cf. Authors)

Short description

In sub-category 1.A.3.b iii - Road Transport: Heavy Duty Vehicles and Buses emissions from fuel combustion in trucks, lorries, buses etc. are reported.

NFR-Code	Name of Category	Method	AD	EF	Key Category 1
1.A.3.b iii	Heavy Duty Vehicles (incl. Buses)	T1, T2, T3	NS, M	CS, M, D	L & T: NOx, PM2.5, PM10, BC

+ Show Legend

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¹ T = key source by Trend / L = key source by Level

Methods
D	Default
RA	Reference Approach
T1	Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2	Tier 2*
T3	Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C	CORINAIR
CS	Country Specific
M	Model
as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2007, in the group specific chapters.

AD - Data Source for Activity Data
NS	National Statistics
RS	Regional Statistics
IS	International Statistics
PS	Plant Specific data
AS	Associations, business organisations
Q	specific questionnaires, surveys

EF - Emission Factors
D	Default (EMEP Guidebook)
C	Confidential
CS	Country Specific
PS	Plant Specific data

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Method

Activity data

Specific consumption data for heavy-duty vehicles (trucks and lorries) and buses are generated within TREMOD [1]. - The following tables provide an overview of annual amounts of fuels consumed by these vehicles in Germany.

Table 1: Annual fuel consumption of trucks and lorries, in terajoules

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
HDV: Trucks & Lorries
Diesel oil	412,472	573,298	675,947	520,828	526,690	507,317	512,670	498,838	540,463	541,832	564,107	581,522	561,153	605,034	625,638
Biodiesel	0	894	7,488	34,681	63,358	67,660	50,863	39,987	41,128	37,477	39,498	34,205	34,190	32,798	32,890
Trucks - TOTAL	412,472	574,193	683,436	555,509	590,049	574,977	563,533	538,825	581,590	579,308	603,605	615,727	595,344	637,832	658,528
HDV: Buses
Diesel oil	62,591	62,821	63,016	46,027	44,074	40,157	40,206	42,565	44,561	43,481	47,327	48,284	45,515	48,359	49,642
Biodiesel	0	98	698	3,065	5,302	5,356	3,989	3,412	3,391	3,007	3,314	2,840	2,773	2,622	2,610
Petroleum	0	610	414	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CNG	0	0	0	782	1,111	1,248	1,260	1,339	1,304	1,202	1,167	1,025	1,047	943	886
Biogas	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	167	203	264	159	143
Buses - TOTAL	62,591	63,529	64,128	49,874	50,487	46,761	45,455	47,315	49,256	47,690	51,974	52,352	49,599	52,083	53,280
HDV: Trucks & Lorries + Buses
Diesel oil	475,063	636,119	738,963	566,855	570,764	547,474	552,876	541,402	585,024	585,313	611,434	629,806	606,668	653,394	675,280
Biodiesel	0	992	8,187	37,746	68,660	73,015	54,852	43,399	44,519	40,484	42,812	37,045	36,964	35,420	35,500
Petroleum	0	610	414	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
CNG	0	0	0	782	1,111	1,248	1,260	1,339	1,304	1,202	1,167	1,025	1,047	943	886
Biogas	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	167	203	264	159	143
NFR TOTAL	475,063	637,721	747,564	605,383	640,535	621,738	608,988	586,140	630,846	626,999	655,580	668,080	644,942	689,915	711,808

source: TREMOD 5.71 [1]

For information on mileage, please refer to sub-chapters on emissions from tyre & brake wear and road abrasion.

Emission factors

The majority of emission factors for exhaust emissions from road transport are taken from the 'Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport' (HBEFA, version 3.3) [2] where they are provided on a tier3 level mostly and processed within the TREMOD software used by the party [1].

As it is not possible to present these tier3 values in a comprehendible way, the following table provides a set of fuel-specific implied emission factors (ratio of total emissions per pollutant and total annual consumption.)

Table 2: Annual country-specific implied emission factors, in kg/TJ__

	1990	1995	2000	2001	2002	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
TRUCKS
Diesel fuels 1
NH3	0.31	0.31	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.31	0.31	0.31	0.31	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32
NMVOC	67.28	57.92	41.96	39.71	37.91	32.11	29.41	25.49	20.16	16.98	14.15	11.75	9.91	8.52	7.47	6.56	5.86
NOx	960.09	917.27	848.77	828.98	795.19	674.90	632.16	570.95	491.81	442.05	398.59	361.11	331.45	303.17	269.45	226.54	186.51
SO2	109.29	60.52	13.97	11.64	1.86	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
CO	196.23	171.70	138.64	135.38	133.40	128.43	125.62	123.05	120.36	120.42	118.64	117.15	115.51	111.36	101.30	85.48	70.03
PM 2	38.03	31.63	20.26	19.02	17.71	15.07	14.04	12.43	10.21	8.86	7.70	6.71	5.94	5.31	4.63	3.85	3.15
BC	19.02	16.84	11.93	11.39	10.83	9.82	9.28	8.30	6.90	6.03	5.28	4.65	4.15	3.73	3.25	2.66	2.13
BUSES
Diesel fuels 1
NH3	0.24	0.24	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
NMVOC	84.15	76.11	56.02	52.62	48.76	38.62	35.82	32.47	28.14	24.94	22.58	20.10	18.35	16.43	14.78	13.31	12.13
NOx	904.65	949.98	878.14	864.33	843.86	765.69	745.86	718.50	678.69	641.74	609.38	578.19	552.08	523.01	487.58	444.05	400.47
SO2	131.71	60.52	13.97	11.64	1.86	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
CO	278.55	233.06	180.16	171.45	162.06	139.61	132.96	126.25	118.25	112.63	109.11	104.49	102.74	100.02	95.78	89.25	82.67
PM 2	52.34	38.02	26.05	24.32	21.98	17.38	16.19	14.79	12.88	11.48	10.40	9.34	8.54	7.72	6.98	6.26	5.64
BC	26.17	19.52	14.18	13.37	12.18	9.87	9.27	8.54	7.55	6.81	6.26	5.68	5.27	4.81	4.39	3.96	3.58
CNG & Biogas 1
NH3	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.19	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.17
NMVOC	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	1.20	1.20	1.18	1.18	1.17	1.17	1.17	1.16	1.16	1.15	1.14	1.14
NOx	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	174.32	174.32	173.48	173.15	172.98	172.99	172.62	172.73	172.46	172.20	171.94	172.12
SO2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
CO	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	25.49	25.49	25.18	25.04	24.99	24.96	24.85	24.85	24.75	24.65	24.51	24.45
PM 2	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.63	0.63	0.62	0.61	0.61	0.61	0.61	0.61	0.60	0.60	0.60	0.59
BC	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.09
Petroleum
NH3	NA	0.28	0.29	0.30	0.30	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
NMVOC	NA	54.21	43.90	41.76	39.41	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
NOx	NA	975.13	895.22	880.85	857.08	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
SO2	NA	24.00	13.97	11.64	1.86	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
CO	NA	185.17	151.48	145.12	138.79	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
PM 2	NA	32.62	23.39	21.96	20.08	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
BC	NA	16.79	12.83	12.19	11.28	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

¹ due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for fossil and biofuels
² EF(PM2.5) also applied for PM10 and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5)

For heavy-metal (other then lead from leaded gasoline) and PAH exhaust-emissions, default emission factors from the July 2017 version of (EMEP/EEA, 2016) [3] have been applied.
Regarding PCDD/F, tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) [4] are used instead.

Table 3: tier1 EF derived from default values

	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	Cr	Cu	Ni	Se	Zn	B[a]P	B[b]F	B[k]F	I[…]P	PAH 1-4	PCDD/F
	[g/TJ]									[mg/TJ]					[µg/km]
Diesel oil	0.012	0.001	0.123	0.002	0.198	0.133	0.005	0.002	0.419	498	521	275	493	1,788
Biodiesel	0.013	0.001	0.142	0.003	0.228	0.153	0.005	0.003	0.483	575	601	317	569	2,062
CNG & Biogas	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Petroleum	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
all fuels: buses															0.000019
all fuels: trucks & lorries															0.000016

Discussion of emission trends

NFR 1.A.3.b iii is key category for NO_x, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and BC.

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x)

Until 2005, NO_x emissions followed mileage and fuel consumption. Since 2006, in contrast to nearly unchanged fuel consumption, emissions have decreased due to controlled catalytic-converter use and engine improvements resulting from continual tightening of emissions laws.

Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and carbon monoxide (CO)

Since the early 1990s, exhaust emissions of NMVOC and carbon monoxide have decreased due to catalytic-converter use and engine improvements resulting from ongoing tightening of emissions laws and improved fuel quality.

Ammonia (NH₃) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂)

As for the entire road transport sector, the trends for sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and ammonia (NH₃) exhaust emissions from heavy duty vehicles show charcteristics different from those shown above: Here, the strong dependence on increasing fuel qualities (sulphur content) leads to an cascaded downward trend of SO₂ emissions , influenced only slightly by increases in fuel consumption and mileage. For ammonia emissions the increasing use of catalytic converters in gasoline driven cars in the 1990s lead to a steep increase whereas both the technical development of the converters and the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel cars resulted in decreasing emissions in the following years.

Particulate matter (BC, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP)

As for all reported exhaust PM emissions from mobile diesel vehicles the party assumes that nearly all particles emitted are within the PM_2.5 range, resulting in similar emission values for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP.

Recalculations

Compared to submission 2017, recalculations were carried out due to the routine revision of TREMOD, including some re-allocations of consumption shares between the different vehicle types and classes, and the revision of National Energy Balance 2015 (NEB).

Table 4: Revised fuel consumption data, in terajoules

	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
Trucks: Diesel oil
Submission 2018	520,828	526,690	507,317	512,670	498,838	540,463	541,832	564,107	581,522	561,153	605,034
Submission 2017	520,828	526,811	507,453	512,833	499,024	540,671	542,327	564,680	581,980	561,809	593,208
absolute change	0	-120	-136	-163	-186	-208	-495	-573	-458	-655	11,827
relative change	0.00%	-0.02%	-0.03%	-0.03%	-0.04%	-0.04%	-0.09%	-0.10%	-0.08%	-0.12%	1.99%
Trucks: Biodiesel
Submission 2018	34,681	63,358	67,660	50,863	39,987	41,128	37,477	39,498	34,205	34,190	32,798
Submission 2017	34,681	63,373	67,678	50,879	40,002	41,143	37,511	39,538	34,232	34,230	32,350
absolute change	0	-14	-18	-16	-15	-16	-34	-40	-27	-40	448
relative change	0.00%	-0.02%	-0.03%	-0.03%	-0.04%	-0.04%	-0.09%	-0.10%	-0.08%	-0.12%	1.38%
Buses: Diesel oil
Submission 2018	46,027	44,074	40,157	40,206	42,565	44,561	43,481	47,327	48,284	45,515	48,359
Submission 2017	46,027	44,084	40,168	40,219	42,581	44,578	43,230	47,068	48,138	45,238	46,979
absolute change	0	-10	-11	-13	-16	-17	251	259	146	276	1.381
relative change	0.00%	-0.02%	-0.03%	-0.03%	-0.04%	-0.04%	0.58%	0.55%	0.30%	0.61%	2.94%
Buses: Biodiesel
Submission 2018	3,065	5,302	5,356	3,989	3,412	3,391	3,007	3,314	2,840	2,773	2,622
Submission 2017	3,065	5,303	5,357	3,990	3,413	3,392	2,990	3,296	2,831	2,756	2,562
absolute change	0	-1	-1	-1	-1	-1	17	18	9	17	60
relative change	0.00%	-0.02%	-0.03%	-0.03%	-0.04%	-0.04%	0.58%	0.55%	0.30%	0.61%	2.32%
Buses: CNG
Submission 2018	782	1,111	1,248	1,260	1,339	1,304	1,202	1,167	1,025	1,047	943
Submission 2017	782	1,111	1,248	1,260	1,339	1,304	1,202	1,173	1,030	1,051	946
absolute change	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	-6	-5	-4	-3
relative change	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	-0.49%	-0.46%	-0.38%	-0.34%
Buses: Biogas
Submission 2018	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	167	203	264	159
Submission 2017	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
absolute change	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	167	203	264	159

Emission factors

Due to the variety of tier3 emission factors applied, it is not possible to display any changes in these data sets in a comprehendible way.

In addition, the tier1 EMEP/EEA defaults for heavy-metal exhaust emissions have been revised widely based on the information provided in the July 2017 version of the relevant Guidebook chapter, where separate emission factors are provided for emissions from fuel combustion and engine wear on one hand and the co-incineration of lubricants on the other hand:

Although the EMEP Guidebook gives no clear instruction, with this submission, heavy-metal emissions from the unintended co-incineration of lubricants in vehicles and machinery are allocated under NFR 2.G - Other product use.

For CNG used in buses, this revision based on the information provided in the July 2017 Guidebook version results in the replacement of emission estimates for Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn with the notaion key 'NE'.

Table 5: Revised tier1 heavy-metal emission factors, in g/TJ

	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	Cr	Cu	Ni	Se	Zn
	[g/TJ]
Diesel oil
Submission 2018	0.012	0.001	0.123	0.002	0.198	0.133	0.005	0.002	0.419
Submission 2017	1.213	0.233	0.123	0.002	1.164	39.572	1.629	0.233	23.277
absolute change	-1.201	-0.232	0.000	0.000	-0.966	-39.439	-1.625	-0.230	-22.858
relative change	-99.04%	-99.50%	0.00%	0.00%	-83.00%	-99.66%	-99.71%	-99.00%	-98.20%
Biodiesel 1
Submission 2018	0.013	0.001	0.142	0.003	0.228	0.153	0.005	0.003	0.483
Submission 2017	1.213	0.233	0.123	0.002	1.164	39.572	1.629	0.233	23.277
absolute change	-1.199	-0.231	0.019	0.000	-0.936	-39.419	-1.624	-0.230	-22.794
relative change	-98.89%	-99.42%	15.35%	15.35%	-80.39%	-99.61%	-99.67%	-98.85%	-97.92%
CNG & Biogas
Submission 2018	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Submission 2017	NE	0.290	NE	NE	0.202	1.019	0.292	NE	58.197

¹ values differ from EFs applied for fossil diesel oil to take into account the specific NCV of biodiesel

Futhermore, the tier1 EF for PAH exhaust emissions from biodiesel combustion were re-estimated to take into account the specific NCV of biodiesel which is 15 per cent below the NCV of fossil diesel oil:

Table 6: Re-estimated tier1 PAH exhaust-emission factors, in mg/TJ

	B[a]P	B[b]F	B[k]F	I[…]P	PAH 1-4
Submission 2018	806	1,343	924	212	3,284
Submission 2017	698	1,164	801	184	2,847
absolute change	107	179	123	28	437
relative change	15%	15%	15%	15%	15%

Emission estimates

For specific information on recalculated emssion estimates reported for Base Year and 2015, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

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Bibliography

1. ifeu, 2017a: Knörr, W. et al.; ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2030, sowie TREMOD 5.71, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg, 2017.

2. INFRAS, 2017: Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 3.3 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 3.3) URL: http://www.hbefa.net/e/index.html - Dokumentation, Bern, 2017

3. EMEP/EEA, 2016: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016; Copenhagen, 2016.

4. Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer

5. ifeu & INFRAS, 2009: IFEU – Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH und INFRAS Zürich: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich.