1.A.3.b ii - Road Transport: Light Duty Vehicles

Last updated on 14 Mar 2018 08:39 (cf. Authors)

Short description

In sub-category 1.A.3.b ii - Road Transport: Light Duty Vehicles emissions from fuel combustion in Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs) are reported.

NFR-Code	Name of Category	Method	AD	EF	Key Category 1
1.A.3.b ii	Light duty vehicles	T1, T3	NS, M	CS, M, D	L & T: NOx, PM2.5, PM10, BC

+ Show Legend

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¹ T = key source by Trend / L = key source by Level

Methods
D	Default
RA	Reference Approach
T1	Tier 1 / Simple Methodology *
T2	Tier 2*
T3	Tier 3 / Detailed Methodology *
C	CORINAIR
CS	Country Specific
M	Model
as described in the EMEP/CORINAIR Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2007, in the group specific chapters.

AD - Data Source for Activity Data
NS	National Statistics
RS	Regional Statistics
IS	International Statistics
PS	Plant Specific data
AS	Associations, business organisations
Q	specific questionnaires, surveys

EF - Emission Factors
D	Default (EMEP Guidebook)
C	Confidential
CS	Country Specific
PS	Plant Specific data

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Method

Activity data

Specific consumption data for light-duty vehicles (LDV) are generated within TREMOD [1]. - The following table provides an overview of annual amounts of fuels consumed by LDV in Germany.

Table 1: Annual fuel consumption of light duty vehicles, in terajoules

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Diesel oil	22,864	54,127	78,326	88,164	87,085	87,942	89,348	89,346	88,105	90,229	88,430	91,446	93,592	94,263	95,494
Gasoline	23,875	14,538	13,392	9,052	8,253	7,641	6,511	6,004	5,510	5,262	4,797	4,643	4,571	4,416	4,284
LPG	0	0	0	0	239	379	414	558	505	543	558	577	575	569	625
CNG	0	0	0	407	578	829	1,042	1,239	1,314	1,350	1,367	1,087	1,102	1,153	1,136
Biodiesel	0	84	868	5,871	10,476	11,729	8,864	7,162	6,705	6,241	6,192	5,379	5,702	5,110	5,020
Bioethanol	0	0	0	62	119	103	124	172	213	216	213	199	199	192	186
Biogas	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	195	215	278	194	183
1.A.3.b ii TOTAL	279,793	396,333	487,763	529,713	528,510	525,600	518,728	515,968	517,508	521,052	524,141	422,389	318,844	212,825	106,928

For information on mileage, please refer to sub-chapters on emissions from tyre & brake wear and road abrasion.

Emission factors

The majority of emission factors for exhaust emissions from road transport are taken from the 'Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport' (HBEFA, version 3.3) [2] where they are provided on a tier3 level mostly and processed within the TREMOD software used by the party [1].

As it is not possible to present these tier3 values in a comprehendible way, the following table provides a set of fuel-specific implied emission factors (ratio of total emissions per pollutant and total annual consumption.)

Table 2: Annual country-specific implied emission factors for light-duty vehicles, in kg/TJ

	1990	1995	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016
Diesel fuels 1
NH3	0.31	0.31	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.32	0.33	0.33	0.34	0.34	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.36
NMVOC	74.60	72.27	50.32	28.41	25.11	21.97	17.92	15.75	14.07	12.45	11.05	9.79	8.71	7.86	7.16
NOx	610.26	527.82	477.40	438.25	428.18	412.48	393.61	383.88	375.54	368.68	360.53	354.59	350.77	345.20	338.23
SO2	80.85	60.52	13.97	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
CO	330.46	337.07	249.18	148.73	134.63	118.68	97.86	86.30	77.47	69.13	62.10	55.97	50.79	46.79	43.45
BC	57.82	53.04	39.55	26.67	25.22	23.61	21.61	20.56	19.57	18.21	16.32	14.02	11.80	9.87	8.28
PM	105.12	93.54	60.90	37.29	34.72	31.89	28.21	26.35	24.70	22.71	20.23	17.37	14.67	12.35	10.43
Gasoline fuels 1
NH3	0.64	2.43	19.55	21.94	21.16	21.10	22.23	21.46	20.55	19.44	18.36	17.23	16.09	14.92	14.07
NMVOC 2	1,112.24	599.31	388.23	295.03	289.16	269.07	230.04	208.09	190.59	176.05	166.33	158.42	151.35	147.60	145.26
NOx	665.19	584.50	437.68	338.43	333.83	307.60	258.83	228.85	203.62	182.17	166.69	153.87	143.61	137.69	133.53
SO2	12.85	8.36	3.25	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37	0.37
CO	7,981.70	7,242.15	5,708.84	4,635.73	4,547.35	4,248.49	3,710.12	3,383.51	3,093.50	2,853.42	2,669.59	2,524.16	2,405.04	2,319.84	2,276.56
BC	0.10	0.13	0.58	0.62	0.60	0.59	0.61	0.59	0.55	0.52	0.48	0.44	0.41	0.37	0.35
PM	5.02	4.15	4.49	4.11	3.99	3.83	3.65	3.48	3.27	3.09	2.90	2.74	2.60	2.46	2.39
TSP	7.67	4.92	4.49	4.11	3.99	3.83	3.65	3.48	3.27	3.09	2.90	2.74	2.60	2.46	2.39
LPG
NH3					7.06	7.13	7.48	7.87	7.94	8.05	8.00	8.01	8.07	7.93	8.13
NMVOC					3.51	3.55	3.69	3.84	3.87	3.90	3.89	3.90	3.90	3.88	3.92
NOx					28.11	28.38	29.31	30.09	30.22	30.28	30.39	29.74	27.96	26.26	24.68
SO2					0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41
CO					303.96	307.20	321.32	337.04	339.85	343.78	342.30	341.09	337.65	329.15	329.24
BC					0.07	0.07	0.07	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08
PM					0.47	0.48	0.50	0.52	0.53	0.53	0.53	0.53	0.54	0.54	0.56
CNG & Biogas 1
NH3				7.70	7.70	7.92	8.15	8.41	8.45	8.55	8.54	8.65	8.49	8.11	8.34
NMVOC				0.32	0.32	0.32	0.33	0.34	0.34	0.35	0.35	0.35	0.36	0.37	0.37
NOx				15.53	15.53	15.56	15.63	15.66	15.49	15.06	14.60	13.92	12.97	12.35	11.78
SO2				0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
CO				507.85	507.83	506.13	516.26	534.39	543.46	553.53	552.07	555.06	572.53	578.46	589.33
BC				0.17	0.17	0.17	0.17	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.19	0.19	0.19
PM				1.12	1.12	1.12	1.14	1.17	1.19	1.21	1.21	1.21	1.25	1.26	1.28

¹ due to lack of better information: similar EF are applied for fossil and biofuels
² not including NMVOC from gasoline evaporation!
³ EF(PM_2.5) also applied for PM₁₀ and TSP (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM_2.5)
⁴ 1990-1997: including additional TSP from combustion of leaded gasoline

For heavy-metal (other then lead from leaded gasoline) and PAH exhaust-emissions, default emission factors from the July 2017 version of (EMEP/EEA, 2016) [3] have been applied.
Regarding PCDD/F, a tier1 EF from (Rentz et al., 2008) [4] is used instead.

Table 3: tier1 emisison factors

	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Se	Zn	B[a]P	B[b]F	B[k]F	I[…]P	PAHs 1-4	PCDD/F
	[g/TJ]									[mg/TJ]					[µg/km]
Diesel fuels	0.002	0.001	0.198	0.133	0.123	0.005	0.012	0.002	0.419	368	386	203	368	1.324
Gasoline fuels	0.007	0.005	0.145	0.103	0.200	0.053	0.037	0.005	0.758	96	140	69	158	464
CNGa	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
LPGb	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	4.348	0.000	4.348	4.348	13.043
Biogasc	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
all fuels	0.0000056

^a: no specific default available from [3]; value derived from LPG powered passenger cars
^b: no specific default available from [3]; value derived from CNG powered busses
^c: no specific default available from [3]; value derived from CNG powered busses

Here, the tier1 values for heavy-metal and PAH exhaust emissions have been derived from the following tier1 default values provided in the July 2017 version of the 2016 EMEP/EEA Guidebook:

Discussion of emission trends

NFR 1.A.3.b ii is key category for NO_x, PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and BC.

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x)

NO_x emissions increased steadily until 2002 following the shift to diesel engines. During the last ten years, emissions decline steadily due to catalytic-converter use and engine improvements resulting from ongoing tightening of emissions laws and improved fuel quality.

Particulate matter (BC, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP)

Starting in the middle of the 1990s, a so-called "diesel boom" began, leading to a switch from gasoline to diesel powered passenger cars. As the newly registered diesel cars had to meet the EURO2 standard (in force since 1996/'97) with a PM limit value less than half the EURO1 value, the growing diesel consumption was overcompensated qickly by the mitigation technologies implemented due to the new EURO norm. During the following years, new EURO norms came into force. With the still ongoing "diesel boom" those norms led to a stabilisation (EURO3, 2000/'01) of emissions and to another strong decrease of PM emissions (EURO4, 2005/'06), respectively. Over-all, the increased consumption of diesel in passenger cars was overastimated by the implemented mitigation technologies.

Recalculations

Compared to submission 2017, recalculations were carried out due to a routine revision of the TREMOD software and the revision of several National Energy Balances (NEB).

Here, activity data were revised within TREMOD due to the provision of the final NEB 2015. In addtion, some re-allocations of consumption shares between the different vehicle types and classes were conducted, with the 1.A.3.b fuel totals remaining unaltered.

Table 3: Revised consumption data, in terajoules

	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
Diesel oil
Submission 2018	87,085	87,942	89,348	89,346	88,105	90,229	88,430	91,446	93,592	94,263
Submission 2017	86,974	87,828	89,228	89,222	87,980	90,101	88,294	91,309	93,451	94,644
absolute change	111.5	114.5	120.6	123.9	125.2	127.9	136.1	136.1	141.3	-380.7
relative change	0.13%	0.13%	0.14%	0.14%	0.14%	0.14%	0.15%	0.15%	0.15%	-0.40%
Biodiesel
Submission 2018	10,476	11,729	8,864	7,162	6,705	6,241	6,192	5,379	5,702	5,110
Submission 2017	10,463	11,713	8,852	7,152	6,695	6,232	6,182	5,371	5,694	5,161
absolute change	13.4	15.3	12.0	9.9	9.5	8.8	9.5	8.0	8.6	-51.5
relative change	0.13%	0.13%	0.14%	0.14%	0.14%	0.14%	0.15%	0.15%	0.15%	-1.00%
Gasoline
Submission 2018	8,253	7,641	6,511	6,004	5,510	5,262	4,797	4,643	4,571	4,416
Submission 2017	8,242	7,631	6,503	5,996	5,503	5,254	4,789	4,636	4,564	4,435
absolute change	10.6	9.9	8.8	8.3	7.8	7.5	7.4	6.9	6.9	-19.2
relative change	0.13%	0.13%	0.14%	0.14%	0.14%	0.14%	0.15%	0.15%	0.15%	-0.43%
Bioethanol
Submission 2018	119	103	124	172	213	216	213	199	199	192
Submission 2017	119	103	124	171	213	215	212	199	198	192
absolute change	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	-0.8
relative change	0.13%	0.14%	0.13%	0.14%	0.14%	0.14%	0.16%	0.15%	0.16%	-0.43%
Liquefied Petroleum Gas - LPG
Submission 2018	239	379	414	558	505	543	558	577	575	569
Submission 2017	239	379	414	558	505	543	558	577	575	596
absolute change	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	-27.4
relative change	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	-4.60%
Compressed Natural Gas - CNG
Submission 2018	578	829	1,042	1,239	1,314	1,350	1,367	1,087	1,102	1,153
Submission 2017	578	829	1,042	1,239	1,314	1,350	1,366	1,086	1,101	1,152
absolute change	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	1.08	0.90	0.84	0.86
relative change	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.08%	0.08%	0.08%	0.07%

Furthermore, the use of biogas is reported for the first time with consumption data being available from 2012 onwards.

Emission factors

Due to the variety of tier3 emission factors applied, it is not possible to display any changes in these data sets in a comprehendible way.

In addition, the tier1 EMEP/EEA defaults for heavy-metal exhaust emissions have been revised widely based on the information provided in the July 2017 version of the relevant Guidebook chapter, where separate emission factors are provided for emissions from fuel combustion and engine wear on one hand and the co-incineration of lubricants on the other hand:

Although the EMEP Guidebook gives no clear instruction, with this submission, heavy-metal emissions from the unintended co-incineration of lubricants in vehicles and machinery are allocated under NFR 2.G - Other product use.

For CNG and LPG, this revision based on the information provided in the July 2017 Guidebook version results in the replacement of emission estimates for Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn with the notation key 'NE'.

Table 4: Revised tier1 heavy-metal emission factors, in g/TJ

	Pb	Cd	Hg	As	Cr	Cu	Ni	Se	Zn
	[g/TJ]
Diesel oil
Submission 2018	0.012	0.001	0.123	0.002	0.198	0.133	0.005	0.002	0.419
Submission 2017	1.213	0.233	0.123	0.002	1.164	39.572	1.629	0.233	23.277
absolute change	-1.201	-0.232	0.000	0.000	-0.966	-39.439	-1.625	-0.230	-22.858
relative change	-99.04%	-99.50%	0.00%	0.00%	-83.00%	-99.66%	-99.71%	-99%	-98%
Biodiesel 1
Submission 2018	0.013	0.001	0.142	0.003	0.228	0.153	0.005	0.003	0.483
Submission 2017	1.213	0.233	0.123	0.002	1.164	39.572	1.629	0.233	23.277
absolute change	-1.199	-0.231	0.019	0.000	-0.936	-39.419	-1.624	-0.230	-22.794
relative change	-98.89%	-99.42%	15.35%	15.35%	-80.39%	-99.61%	-99.67%	-98.85%	-97.92%
Gasoline fuels
Submission 2018	0.051	2.099	0.200	0.007	0.145	0.103	0.053	0.005	0.758
Submission 2017	0.762	0.230	0.200	0.007	1.148	39.042	1.608	0.230	22.966
absolute change	-0.712	1.869	0.000	0.000	-1.004	-38.939	-1.555	-0.225	-22.208
relative change	-93.34%	813.96%	0.00%	0.00%	-87.40%	-99.74%	-96.71%	-98.00%	-96.70%
CNG & Biogas
Submission 2018	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Submission 2017	NE	0.290	NE	NE	0.202	1.019	0.292	NE	58.197
absolute change		-0.290			-0.202	-1.019	-0.292		-58.197
relative change		-100%			-100%	-100%	-100%		-100%
LPG
Submission 2018	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE	NE
Submission 2017	NE	0.230	NE	NE	0.202	0.811	0.233	NE	46.304
absolute change		-0.230			-0.202	-0.811			-46.304
relative change		-100%			-100%	-100%			-100%

¹ values differ from EFs applied for fossil diesel oil to take into account the specific NCV of biodiesel

Futhermore, the tier1 EF for PAH exhaust emissions from biodiesel combustion were re-estimated to take into account the specific NCV of biodiesel which is 15 per cent below the NCV of fossil diesel oil:

Table 5: Re-estimated tier1 PAH exhaust-emission factors, in mg/TJ

	B[a]P	B[b]F	B[k]F	I[…]P	PAH 1-4
Submission 2018	806	1,343	924	212	3,284
Submission 2017	698	1,164	801	184	2,847
absolute change	107	179	123	28	437
relative change	15%	15%	15%	15%	15%

Emission estimates

For specific information on recalculated emssion estimates reported for Base Year and 2015, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

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Bibliography

1. ifeu, 2017a: Knörr, W. et al.; ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH, ifeu): Fortschreibung des Daten- und Rechenmodells: Energieverbrauch und Schadstoffemissionen des motorisierten Verkehrs in Deutschland 1960-2030, sowie TREMOD 5.71, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Heidelberg, 2017.

2. INFRAS, 2017: Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport, version 3.3 (Handbuch Emissionsfaktoren des Straßenverkehrs 3.3) URL: http://www.hbefa.net/e/index.html - Dokumentation, Bern, 2017

3. EMEP/EEA, 2016: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016; Copenhagen, 2016.

4. Rentz et al., 2008: Nationaler Durchführungsplan unter dem Stockholmer Abkommen zu persistenten organischen Schadstoffen (POPs), im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, FKZ 205 67 444, UBA Texte | 01/2008, January 2008 - URL: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/nationaler-durchfuehrungsplan-unter-stockholmer

5. ifeu & INFRAS, 2009: IFEU – Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg gGmbH und INFRAS Zürich: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich.